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Explain how the Columbian Exchange both helped and hurt three different regions/countries in the world. Please write your name next to your response. If you have trouble posting, you can just e-mail me your response. Enjoy!

The Columbian Exchange helped and harmed various regions or countries in different ways.

In the case of Europe, potato from Peru and corn from America played an important role in feeding the hungry people of the vast region between Ireland and Ukraine as well as Italy and Romania. According to the link, hunger was prevalent around the continent during the time period between 1500 and 1800. Potato allowed the hungry continent to rise back up; the continent became more politically stable increased the general income and population. This was primarily because of the fact that potato are more productive than grains as no "structural worries" were needed due to the fact that they grow underground. In addition, in the example of the Spanish and the Portugal conquistadors, the export of resources from Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, and Mexico, such as gold and silver, profited Europe immensely. However, the Colombian Exchange introduced tobacco from the Amazon region to Europe, negatively affecting the European people. Looking at London in 1607, over 7000 tobacco cafes were created, making a place where addicted tobacco users would buy and consume their "junk".

Secondly, the Columbian Exchange affected regions of the Americas, especially Canada and New England, by bringing earthworms. Earthworms consume leaf litter, which plants that inhabit in areas without earthworms rely on for nutrients, and puts it deep inside the soil with its excrement . Due to this, as the plants of this region were adapted to an environment without any worms, they struggled to survive; sugar maples almost stopped growing and wild oats started to die off. Even though the trade did result in some negative outcomes, the Columbian Exchange facilitated the exchange of various species of plants among numerous regions. In the Southern Amazon, for instance, a Chinese crop is replacing 80,000 square miles of land. Similarly, in northeastern Brazil, the Australian eucalyptus is replacing over 15,000 square miles of land. From these two examples, it is manifest that the Columbian Exchange has put "every part of the natural world in contact with each other". Hence, the Columbian Exchange had both positive and negative influence in the Americas, according to the article.

Lastly, the Columbian Exchange affected China both positively and negatively. Sweet potato, similar to Europe, was introduced with corn to China during the 1590s through the trade from the South Americas, making the Chinese possible to use inadequate upland areas for cultivating rice paddies. During the Qing Dynasty, due to the advantage of nutritious sweet potato and corn, instigated the "fertility boom". However, later on, because they cultivated upland areas that they have never cultivated before, the Chinese made some mistakes in the process, causing erosion and excess amount of flooding. This phenomena created instability within the government and the common people, weakening the empire as a whole. -Chee Eun Ahn. (Pd. 1) //(Note: Phrases with quotations are directly from the article.) //

How Columbian Exchange helped: How Columbian Exchange hurt: -Aayush Sonthalia
 * Due to the Columbian Exchange, many new crops were brought from the Americas to Europe, including corn, potatoes and tomatoes. Once in Europe, the crops were able to grow quickly due to the efficient farming methods that Europeans had adopted. In Ireland, for example, potatoes rapidly became the staple food of the nation. Thus, one way in which the Columbian exchange helped was with a transfer of alimentary products.
 * A second way in which the Columbian Exchange helped society was through the transfer of ideas and culture. For thousands of years, the human world was separated into Eurasia and the Americas. However, after the Columbian Exchange, many new ideas spread and countries became more diverse, much like modern day globalization.
 * Silver was aplenty in the Americas, and the Europeans (specifically the Spanish) brought a lot of it back with them to their respective countries. Moreover, the Europeans brought silk with them, which was then used for various activities. The Columbian Exchange therefore benefited the Europeans because they were able to obtain many more natural resources which weren’t typically found in Europe.
 * The Columbian exchange brought worms and other crawlers from Europe to the Americas. Earthworms especially caused a problem to the America ecosystems, because they would eat the American “tree food.” As a result, plants like the Sugar Maple immediately stopped growing, which greatly hurt the American population.
 * When Europeans came to the Americas for trade, they brought diseases such as malaria and yellow fever with them. Although Europeans and Africans had already developed immunity to these parasites, the American’s hadn’t. Consequently, these diseases wiped out a lot of the American population, and greatly hurt the way their society functioned.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">As a result of the Columbian Exchange, slave trade became a huge phenomenon worldwide. Although this benefited Europe and America, it greatly hurt the African population. They had to undergo forced labor amongst other horrible jobs. Thus, a third way in which the Columbian Exchange hurt society was the African Slave Trade.

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Diseases, such as malaria and yellow fever, were caused by parasites from Eurasia and Africa. When Columbus went to the Americas, he brought these parasites. Many European migrants died shortly after arriving in the Americas from these diseases. ======

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The Columbian exchange brought things like potatoes from South America to Europe. Potatoes are more productive than wheat or barley, and allowed Europe to sustain itself during a time when many people suffered from hunger. ======

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In China, the sweet potato was introduced from South America by the Pacific silver trade. It gave Chinese farmers an opportunity to cultivate the land that could not be used for rice-paddies. However, erosion increased which led to flooding. As a result, the government destabilized and the population grew restless. ======

-Ashley Miller
The Columbian Exchange had both positive and negative effects on almost every region in the world.

One of the most negative results of the Columbian Exchange is the use of tobacco. Spanish and Portuguese conquistadors had come back with Amazonian tobacco leaves and so many people started smoking tobacco. Tobacco was extremely addictive, so the people who had started smoking kept buying them, resulting in the growth of the tobacco industry. While trading their fertile dirt for tobacco, England lost all their earthworms that were in the dirt and could not get nutritious soil for growing plants. Diseases were also exchanged through the Columbian Exchange, such as the malaria disease. Malaria was a disease that was active only in Eurasia or Africa until Columbus’s sailors transported it in their bodies across the ocean. Spanish colonists imported African plantains, with some plants with parasites: scale insects. People guessed that the spread of scale insects would delight one of the region’s species, the tropical fire ant, because it was the predator of the scale insects. However, Spanish homes and plantations were destroyed and ruined by numbers of ants, which made many Spaniards leaving their homes. Instead of grains like wheat or rice, potatoes were grown because they were four times as much dry food matter. This helped most of Europe solve their problems in starvation. Likewise, Chinese farmers were introduced the sweet potatoes and corn by Americans, but their lack of farming skills in dry uplands made the cultivation terrible and had instead weakened the society. -ChanWoo

The Columbian Exchange had help and hurt other countries in most part of the worlds in different regions, mostly in economics and agriculture terms. First when Scotland invested money on Panama, their incomes were decreasing because 90% of the population in Panama died suffering from malaria. On the other hand this had given a benefit to England to raise their incomes and thus the Great Britain was born. Between the 1500's and 1800's, most of the countries in Europe, such as France, Romania, and Italy, were suffering due to hunger. The continent just could not sustain itself and stabilize the food supply for the people. However, due to imported massive American crops, such as, potatoes, corn and etc, from America, the consumers in Europe can feed itself. From the crops, they stabilized and increase their incomes, and in addition population increased drastically. Therefore, crops (foods or vegetables) from the new world (America) became the "fuel for the rise of Europe". Furthermore, Henry Wickham a business man from England had brought 70,000 rubber seeds to Southeast Asia and because of that; nowadays most of the countries in Asia had export goods like tires, belts, latex from the rubber plantations. From the rubber plantations, their income increased and they used their benefits to improve and stabilize their country's economic status. Even though the Colombian Exchange benefited a lot of regions in the world, however it also has its disadvantages or flaws. One of them is when China took the sweet potato from South America and grew them in their country it didn’t do so well. This is because they were not familiar with it and made a beginner’s mistakes. Another flaw of the Colombian Exchange is when viruses or funguses from European countries are transferred to the Americas. Ships from Europe that were transferring crops were carrying funguses, and these funguses infected the other and healthy crops in America. The travelers did not know this until they realize their plantations of crops in Europe died one by one due to the fungus - Nurfazlin Muthafa

The Columbian exchanged affected many different regions. The arrival of the tuber in Ireland was a double edged sword in the sense that it was a blessing, and a curse. In contrast to grains such as wheat and rice, the heads of tubers like potatoes are small and are structurally sound as it grows underground. Potatoes offered four times more dry food matter than wheat or barley. This caused Ireland and many countries in Europe to reply on this reliable source of food. The famine of 1845 wiped entire fields across Europe. It was because of an organism called late blight and was accidentally transported on one of the ships from Peru. Unfortunately Ireland was the most dependant country on potatoes and millions died and millions fled. The Columbian Exchange also led to the import of African plantains in 1516 to Hispaniola. With them, they imported their parasites, scale insects. These insects thrived and gained a natural enemy, the tropical fire ant. The tropical fire ant population exploded and homes were overrun by the ants. This event caused the abandonment of many homes in Hispaniola. The Columbian exchange was good too. It’s why we have tomatoes in Italy, oranges in Florida, chocolate in Switzerland and chili peppers in Thailand. Goods and produce were spread throughout the world.

-Kyle Taperla

The Columbian Exchange effected many different regions/countries all over the world in various effects. The Colombian Exchange was based on a lot of imports, in 1516 they imported plants from south Africa to Hispaniola. Unfortunately together with the plants came insects that later on helped the red ants (fire ants) to spread out and grow in population. This lead to many farmers leaving there filed and homes in Hispaniola. Ireland was effected no less by The Columbian Exchange, in fact they were effected the most. Ireland's main source of food was rise and wheat, but then they were introduced to the potatoes by the Colombian Exchange. Potatoes seemed as a great source of food, it provided much more protean then rise and wheat tighter and was easy to grow. Ireland relayed on potatoes as there main source of food, in 1845 an infection was transported from Peru that effected Ireland's by whipping out almost all there potato plantations and millions of people dying of starvation. This disease also effected most of europe, although the Colombian Exchange also had some positive effects. This is why there are oranges in Florida chili peppers in Thailand and apples in India. -Arthur Schuertzmann-

<span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 10pt;"> The Columbian Exchange helped and hurt different countries depending on the sources of each country. The Columbian exchange was the trade between crops and animals and resources that were used as trade. All across the world "participated" in this exchange for example America. They had a lot to offer in crops. <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Peppers, maize, potatoes, tomatoes, snap beans, Lima, beans, and squash. The Europeans had potatoes and maizes to offer around the world. The exchange of crops between countries was very much beneficial because each country had a variation of foods. Some countries could not produce the amount crops that were needed to trade or to sustain their region such as the region of Ireland. Europe could also give the Americans ingredients to bake bread which is a key food that we use today. Americans produced a lot of gold and silver which was the part of the foundation of trade in the Colombian Exchange. The bad side for the exchange was when people would travel to other countries to trade, they would break goods and crops; but also diseases. Diseases were the main cause of the exchange being bad because it nearly wiped out a civilization which was the Native Americans. In the Arctic regions were "protected" or "filtered" from the diseases because diseases such as malaria and small pox could not survive in the cold. <span style="font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 10pt;">~Akshay Jindal

The Columbian Exchange had various effects on countries all over the world. One effect is the spread of different species of flora to regions where they were not previously found. This is the reason for the presence of tomatoes in Italy, oranges in Florida, and chili peppers in Thailand. The Pará rubber tree, originally native to Brazil, is now found in Southeast Asia and is used for making many commercial goods. Soybean plantations, native to China, are being grown widely in the Amazon, as is Australian eucalyptus. Açaí, a Brazilian palm tree, is now making an appearance in Australia. However, this can have adverse effects too. One of these is the Irish potato famine in 1845, causing more than a million people to starve to death; the country still hasn’t recovered. The potatoes were imported from South America. African plantains were imported by Spanish colonists; the plantains brought parasites with them, and the parasites brought fire ants, which attacked the settlers. The organism that caused the potato blight was native to Peru; the sudden oak death and emerald ash borer, native to China, and the white pine blister rust, native to Siberia, are now killing trees in American forests. The environments these species were introduced to were not capable of supporting them, causing unintended repercussions.

People also spread during the Columbian Exchange. European colonists settled in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Their colonization caused many effects, which can still be seen today: in the most part, the appearance of other races in countries such as Haiti and the US, contributing to the interaction of different kinds of people in today’s world. However, they brought with them violence, in two different ways. The first is brutal killing. The Spanish decimated the native population during their conquest of South and Central America; the British did the same during their conquest of India and parts of Africa. The European settlers also brought with them diseases. Many Native Americans died due to smallpox, and others, both natives and colonists alike, died from yellow fever and malaria. //~Neha Srinivasan//

** Colombian Exchange **

The Columbian Exchange helped both Europe and the Americas in numerous ways. First and foremost was the cultural exchange. Most people in Europe had never seen anyone that wasn’t Caucasian. Conversely, the Columbian exchange brought Caucasians to South America, where the native has a different skin pigment. Having such a massive difference between the two was the beginning of racial tolerance. Granted, slavery wasn’t abolished until hundreds of years later, but it planted the seed that made people accepting of others regardless of race, particularly in Central America. Another modern area that benefited was the U.S.A. It is one of the most diverse countries in the world, namely because of the importation of Africans and other, non Caucasian races for work. Without the slave trade, things such as rap (from the drumbeats of Africa) would never have been created. The last country to benefit was Peru, and places where the Incan empire used to be. Though almost 90% of them were killed, the remaining 10 percent rose to a higher social class, and to this day have better immune systems. Without the exchange starting as early as it did, it is possible that a disease such as AIDS would have literally killed them all. Furthermore, the Conquistadores brought horses, which the Native Americans learned how to use. Now horses are used in the agriculture for Americans, which helped them succeed. The Colombian Exchange was negative, because it killed off the Native American population, through the spread of small pox. It was annihilation of their culture, which was then dethroned by “superior” European customs and culture. By trying to send their message of their religion, they destroyed much of the previous culture. Through the Colombian Exchange disease was spread around the world. Malaria and yellow fever affected the natives who were unprepared for such diseases. Thus, the beginnings of the Columbian Exchange were harmful to the indigenous peoples, but in the long run have benefited both Europe and the Americas immensely.

--Uday Govindswamy

The Columbian Exchange had various effects on countries all over the world. The first helpful reason for the Columbian Exchange was the exchange in thousand of species across the ocean. Which is why there are tomatoes in Italy, oranges in Florida, chocolate in Switzerland and chili peppers in Thailand. Also Europe took gold and silver in huge quanties from Columbia, Bolivia, Brazil, and Mexico which had a large influence in Europe's wealth. But while they were in South America they also picked up something just as important, tobacco. Tobacco caused a large addiction in London, with more than 7,000 tobacco houses, But London did not need the dirt of the tobacco so they left it in america, the dirt contained earth worms which was very good for the dirt which allowed them to grow more things.The potatoes ended the famine in London.

Some of the negative effects of the Columbian exchange consisted of diseases, potatoes in china, fire ants, and European ships.The diseases of the Colombian exchange came from the people who were immune to the disease and then went to a different country and transmitted the disease to everyone else. the popular diseases were malaria, small pocks, and yellow fever. The potatoes in Europe was a reason for the rise in europe, because Europe was in hunger, but also played a role in China. The chineses were able to grow potatoes were they had no use to grow rice. These potatoes helped the fertility boom in the Qing dynasty. But since the land were the potatoes grew have been unused for years, which lead to erosion and that lead to floods. The fire ants came from Africa and had no natural enemies, which allowed their population to grow. Many spanish homes have been "Invaded" by the fire ants. The european ships brought fungus like organisms, and also caused a potato disease which caused a potato famine. --Jacob Tebo

The Colombian Exchange had numerous effects between the continents of Eurasia and The Americas. First of all, one helpful component from the Exchange between countries would be the various species plants and fruits shared among Eurasia and America. Items such as the tomatoes in Italy, oranges in Florida, chocolate in Switzerland and chili peppers in Thailand are a few examples of positive exchanges. Not only that, but different species as well. Most of the species came by ship as One negative exchange that came to Eurasia was tobacco. Once tobacco seeds had reached Eurasia, the natives started to plant them and it became addictive. This gave them the idea to start making a business amongst each other but was later overturn and replaced with potatoes. The aftermath gave America a better fertile land due to the soil left over from the tobacco, because it contained earth worms. One last negativity across counties would be diseases. Diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and small pox had spread to countries that haven't seen such diseases ever. This was due to different species boarding the ships and migrating to other countries.

One positive exchange between Europe and Asia would be the find that Henry Wickham found on his trip to Brazil. He had gained 70,000 rubber seeds that he would later bring back to London. The rubber plantations that you see in Asia today may have not been in existence if he hadn't brought them back to him in London and then exchange with Asia. This would play a major role in today's lives, because rubber has created many inventions today, such as the tires on cars, sport balls, tar for roads, and many other things. In the Qing Dynasty (China Today) they had received potato and corn seeds from Europe. These seeds had flourished around Europe and made them prosper, but these objects would later lead to the distruction of crops. The Qing Dynasty civilians made beginner mistakes, such as cultivating their dry-lands which led to erosion from the plants. Flooding later on would ruin their crops and the agriculture had become bad in this area. Overall, many of these negatives and positives through the Colombian exchange may seem intense, but they are what set the foundations of the societies we live in today. --- John Ware (Period 1)

The Colombian Exchange had a hugely positive effect on Eurasia, with fruits/vegetables/plants brought from South and North America such as tomatoes, potatoes, cocoa beans and tobacco this helped to not only sustain Eurasia's population but also to help it grow, with potatoes being easy to farm and growing from Ireland all the way to Russia it fed an enormous amount of people that would of died from starvation. The Colombian Exchange also opened up a whole new market, the tobacco plant was extremely valuable, as being highly addictive it spread throughout Eurasia, with smokers in every country, with tobacco being imported in such large amounts to Europe the sailors often dumped all unnecessary items from their ship and left them in North America. This lead to new species of worms being introduced to North America, which then devastated the ecosystems in forests, with native plants dying out and invasive species thriving, this had a negative effect on North America. In China, a new crop was introduced from South America, the sweet potato this crop grew in the higher plains of China were rice did not grow however with mass plantations high levels of erosion took place which led to flooding and civil unrest, thus China a world economic power became a shadow of what it was. From China came another agricultural product, Soy, soy is now being produced heavily in the Amazonian Rainforest, cutting down the forest and creating fields where soy is being grown, the same goes with South American rubber trees in southern Asia, with forests being cut down for non-native plants to be grown. The effects of the Colombian Exchange can still be seen today and are still take effect in the world today. --Matthias Mauritz

The Columbian exchange was a massive trading development between multiple regions that affected the whole world. The three regions that are affected in both good and bad way are Europe, Americas and Asia. In Europe, one country such as Spain was one of the major contributors of the Columbian exchange; they discovered precious metal that ultimately increased the Europe’s money supply. These explorations led to their own demise, because at the same time the Spanish brought a plant’s parasite, scale insects, that destroyed the plantations and houses in Hispaniola. Moreover, some European fleet brought a fungus-like-organism that eventually caused the potato disease called late blight. However, a different type of fungus opened up another raw material for the Southeast Asia, because Brazil, where the origin of rubber tree, could no longer produce rubber due to the native fungus. Other valuable raw material that was discovered during the Columbian exchange was tobacco. Tobacco became the most demanded leaf, due to its intoxicating and addictive side effects. On the other hand, malaria created a very devastated effect on the colonies in the America’s. The disease was new, and no cure or vaccine could be found at the time. - Zhafir Rahmat <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 11pt;">HELPED: -Due to the Colombian Exchange, europeans transported many new species across the oceans. For example, this is why there are tomatoes in Italy, oranges in Florida, chocolate in Switzerland and chili peppers in Thailand -Through trading huge supplies of gold and silver from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico, Europe's money supply increased -Europe was struggling starvation but thanks to the potatoes imported from Peru (which were a lot more productive than grains), the potato allowed most of Europe to feed itself. This meant political stability, higher incomes and a population increase. -The sweet potato played a similar role in China. The sweet potato was something the chinese could grow on the usually unusuable rice paddies. This nutritious new crop strengthened the Qing dynasty and encouraged a feritility increase. HURT: -When the earthworms arrived to a country, they would consume many plants and so many plants died and stopped growing. -Due to the transportation of the bodies of sailors that were carrying malaria, malaria crossed the ocean from Eurasia and Africa to the Americas. Later on the same happened with yellow fever. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Cambria,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">-The sweet potato, even though it helped China at first, caused an increase of flooding since the farmers did not properly know how to farm this new crop. Erosion lead to a destabilized government. -Accidentaly, the Spanish imported African plants that were infected with plant parasites. They carried insects such as insects that suck the juices from banana roots. -European ships, when importing the potatoes from Peru, also imprted a fungus-like organism that caused the potato disease. Since so many people were dependent on potatoes, millions died and millions fled. //Lilith Dost, period 1//

The Columbian exchange in its primary form affected three regions namely Latin America, African nations, and the European regions. In its positive value, the domestication of the animals, methods of farming and animal husbandry became highly beneficial. Horses, pigs, cattle, and sheep were able to assist farmers to plough on large fields in different climates and on different terrains as compared to the llamas of Latin America. As the domesticated animals from Europe entered a new region, the possibility of having a variety of foods like sugar, rice, wheat, coffee, and bananas beefed up the prospects of better life for the Native Americans. In return, the Europeans took crops such as maize, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, cacao, beans and cotton back home. In due course of time, the populations increased as the nutrition from other countries and continents became a common feature in society.

Like all annexations and colonization, the negative impacts were quite obvious too. With the European conquistadors to Latin America, they also came with diseases such as measles, mumps, chicken pox, and small pox that the natives had not experienced before. The natives were turned into slaves onto the White man’s lands and this implied the loss of cultures and communities. As a result, 1/3 of the Latin America population died out due to epidemics. The declining of the population in Latin America also led to downfall of ancient civilizations such as Mayan’s and Aztec’s. To fill up the gaps of labor loss, the resistant Africans were brought in to substitute for the natives. The Blacks served on plantations and could endure any weather, though there were removed from their own traditions. What the Europeans benefitted was the addictive tobacco as a cash crop apart from taking in slaves and the nutritious food like potato, which turned devastatingly contaminated in Scandinavia later. Overall, the Columbian exchange was the type of equation that had both the bright and the evil sides to it.

Seungwan Kang. Period 8