Basic+Characteristics+of+complex+societies

 -Cities

-The state, that is, a central governing authority in which a relatively small group of people exercised, to some extent, command over the economic and political life of everyone else. Membership in the state was based not on kinship relations but on common submission to the governing authority.

Occupational specializations (Part of the population engaged in jobs or professions other than growing food or herding animals.)

Institutions for collecting, storing, and distributing surplus products, staffed by officials and managers.

Social class hierarchy (Typically, a small privileged elite occupied the top rank, the vast majority of farmers, herders, and laborers the bottom. A minority population of people possessing commercial wealth or special skills constituted a middle group.)

Institutionalized religion.

Monumental public architecture.

Writing.

Creation and accumulation of knowledge in mathematics, engineering, astronomy, and other technical and scientific fields.