History,+Approaches+and+the+Scientific+Method


 * Resources for this unit can be found below:**


 * Learning Objectives/Standards for this unit**


 * Key Terms/People:** //Applied Research, Basic research, Clinical psychologists, Cognitive psychologists, Consumer psychologists, Developmental psychologists, Educational psychologists, Forensic psychologists, Health psychologists, Human-factors psychologists, Industrial/organizational psychologists, Neuropsychologists/biopsychologists, Psychology, Rehabilitation psychologists, School psychologists, Social psychologists, Social workers, Sports psychologists, structuralism, Gestalt psychology, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanistic psychology, cognitive perspective, biological perspective, social-cultural perspective, behavior genetics, positive psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, E.B. Titchener, William James, Sigmund Freud, Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Jean Piaget, Kenneth Clark, Mamie Phipps Clark, Mary Whiton Calkins, Margaret Floy Washburn, G. Stanley Hall, Max Wertheimer, Charles Darwin, scientific method, confirmation bias, critical thinking, participant bias, naturalistic observation, case study, correlational study, survey method, population, random sample, longitudinal study, cross-sectional study, experiment, hypothesis, operational definition, independent variable (IV), dependent variable (DV), experimental group, control group, random assignment, confounding variable, double-blind procedure, single-blond procedure, placebo, replicate, frequency distribution, Barnum effect, mode, mean, median, skewed, outlier, range, standard deviation, normal distribution, percentage, percentile rank, correlation coefficient, z score, Normal curve, scatter plot, p value, positive and negative correlation, inferential statistics, statistical significance, hindsight bias, hypothesis, theory, validity, reliability, sampling, sample, population, representative sample, random sampling, stratified sampling, lab and field experiment, participant and situation-relevant confounding variables, controls, group-matching, experimenter bias, social desirability, Hawthorne effect, placebo method, Institutional review board, informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality, debriefing//

**Daily Schedule:** = Day 1: =

= Go over syllabus and expectations and hand out books. =

**1. Knowledge of Psychology Test** __Instructions__: Read each item and then circle whether you believe the statement to be TRUE or FALSE.
 * Do Now: What is psychology? Take the following true/false test to see what you know: **
 * 1) By feeling people’s faces, people born blind can visualize how they look in their minds.
 * 2) Children memorize lists of information much more easily than adults.
 * 3) Unlike humans, the lower animals are motivated only by their bodily needs— [|hunger], thirst, [|sex] , etc.
 * 4) The more you memorize by rote, the better you will become at memorizing.
 * 5) The best way to ensure that a desired behavior will persist after training is completed is to reward the behavior every single time it occurs throughout training (rather than intermittently).
 * 6) By giving a young baby lots of extra stimulation (e.g., mobiles and musical toys), we can markedly increase its [|intelligence].
 * 7) Psychiatrists are defined as medical doctors who use [|psychoanalysis].
 * 8) Boys and girls exhibit no behavioral differences until environmental differences begin to produce such differences.
 * 9) The high correlation between cigarette [|smoking] and lung cancer proves that smoking causes lung cancer.
 * 10) In love and [|friendship], more often than not, opposites attract one another.

Check your score......

2.Is Psychology intuitive?


 * Envelope/Monty Hall Problem **

media type="custom" key="23491602"

__[|Experiments with surprising results]__

Take Home Message: Psychology is a science!


 * Homework: read p1, 13-15**

= Day 2: **the Need For Psych Science and research**=
 * Questions to answer for today: **
 * -How do psychologists do research? **
 * -Review methods of research **
 * -Discuss Research Ethics**


 * Do Now: What is something that you are hoping to learn about in this class? How do you think psychologists might go about figuring that out?**

[|Thinking Critically with Psychological Science] (only go to slide 40. Pay special attention to the key terms!) [|optional additional ppt review]
 * Activity 1: Review Research Methods PPT Below:**

Important Key Terms: Theory, hypothesis, random sample, double/single-blind procedure, random assignment, Independent variable, dependent variable, experimental group, control group, operational definition, confounding variable, control procedures, scientific attitude

"Third graders who wear purple socks are more likely to blow their noses." Write about the experiment and identify the following: -hypothesis -control group -experimental group -independent variable (IV) -dependent variable (DV) -potentially confounding variable -3 control procedures
 * Activity 2:** In pairs, create an experiment that tests the following theory:

media type="youtube" key="hFV71QPvX2I" width="560" height="315"
 * Review:** Crash Course Research Methods:

[|Helping Experiment]
 * Do the lab below in class**

population being tested, random sample, hypothesis (including operational definitions), independent variable, dependent variable, experimental group, control group, random assignment, confounding variables, double blind procedure (Note: you may not need to use all of these terms in your experiment. You must still define each term and write about how it could possibly apply to your experiment if you had more time. Also, think about how missing aspects impact your experiment results. Think about validity and reliability)
 * Share experiment results and discuss how the following terms relate to your study:**

Debrief on findings, using key terms from below Go through one of the labs we learned about/completed today and explain how the following could have had an impact on your results
 * Exit Slip:**

Field v. Lab Setting Response/participant Bias Experimenter bias Double-blind procedure Single-blind procedure Social desirability [|Hawthorne Effect]

Also, be able to explain why experimentation is the best research method in psychological science. (you should be able to compare it to descriptive and correlational study methods.


 * Homework:**
 * Read and take notes on pp 19-42**

media type="youtube" key="SVcsX-NRU3s" width="560" height="315"
 * Optional: Watch Mr. Duez's presentation: This is an overview of research methods.**

**Day 3:** =**Descriptive Statistics (Correlational Studies, Correlation Coefficients, Descriptive Statistics, Inferential Statistics)**=


 * Debrief on findings**, using key terms


 * Share experiment results and discuss how the following terms relate to your study:**

population being tested random sample hypothesis (including operational definitions) independent variable, dependent variable, experimental group, control group, random assignment,
 * confounding variables**

How might the potential confounding variables below have messed with the validity/reliability of your experiment? What would you change in the future to better test your hypothesis?

Response/participant Bias Experimenter bias Double-blind procedure Single-blind procedure Social desirability

Also, be able to explain why experimentation is the best research method in psychological science to prove causation. (you should be able to compare it to descriptive and correlational study methods.

media type="youtube" key="3brv_x5RN_8" width="560" height="315"
 * The Pigmalian Effect**

After you watch, answer the following: 1. How is bias a problem for psychologists? 2. Define: - //experimenter expectancy effect/Pygmalian Effect// //- double-blind method// //- theory// //- hypothesis// //- random sample// //- IV// //- DV// //- Experimental group// //- control group// //- operational definitions (why are they needed)//


 * - What are your questions about research methods? Look at the key terms above to guide you.**


 * Today's Topic: Psychology Statistics:** (if you still need help with research methods, ask today!)


 * 3.****Review[| Research Methods] from slide 40. (Be sure that you look at this one if you want another explanation of how to calculate standard deviation!)**

Explain the Hawthorne effect Why might double-blind research procedures not be good enough?
 * 4. Read together:** [|Placebo Effect and other potential confounding variables for psychological research data]


 * Exit Slip: What are you still confused about?**

Other Experiments to look at and practice identifying aspects of research design: media type="custom" key="23633284"

Jeopardy for Research Methods


 * Homework: Read pp42-49 and do chapter review questions**

= Day 4: Free Response tips and practice =
 * Do Now: How many violent acts are in [|this cartoon?]**


 * Why are Operational Definitions Important in this activity? Try it again!**


 * Tips for free response: Optional to watch on your own time. **

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Note: You don’t need an introduction or conclusion! You just need to respond to all the points you are given. Free Response: Helpful Hints 50 minutes to answer 2 FR Qs. 25 min/each

Tip #1: You don’t need to score all the points on a free-response to get a good grade. In fact, you don’t even need to score most of the points. Tip #2: Be flexible and read to demonstrate your knowledge in different ways. Whatever you have practiced for....And whatever you think the free-response questions are going to look like......THEY WILL NOT LOOK LIKE THAT! Tip#3: Every question has some sort of theme, or a base, or a topic. Some questions are based on a scenario. Other questions will ask you to make comparisons. Some will ask you to give examples. Whatever the case, MAKE SURE YOU ARE EXPLICITLY USING THE LANGUAGE OF THE QUESTION THROUGHOUT YOUR FREE RESPONSE. Tip #4: Courtesy to the reader: - use separated paragraphs if necessary - leave white space between - organize with brackets

“Relax. The exam may be difficult, but it will be difficult for everyone else, too. I studied harder than most people. Besides, I don’t need a perfect score to get a good grade” - David Meyers

Free Response is worth 33.3%

- Read the question very carefully. Ask yourself, “Specifically, what is this question asking me to do?” - Determine how many points this question is worth, and how these points are distributed in the question. - Take 2-3 min to organize your thoughts and create a very brief outline on the cover/question page. - Plan your response so that each major point is given its own paragraph (8 pt question=8 paragraphs) Establish your argument with at least 3-4 sentences. USE COMPLETE SENTENCES NOT JUST BULLET POINTS


 * Practice Question: **

[|2003 Free Response Question]

[|Scoring Guideline]

[|Student Sample]


 * Research Methods Practice Test**


 * [|Practice Test on Research Methods] **

[|Research Methods Review PPT]

=Homework: ** Review for test. Go over test format **=

1. Sam Greene noticed an ad for an internet dating service that claimed more people who used its service are in long-term relationships than people who didn't. Sam, a good critical thinker, knows that this isn't enough to claim that the service //causes// people to find long term love and wants to create an experiment to investigate. Use the following terms to describe an experiment that would support or dispute the ad's claim.
 * Practice FRQ (73)**

- Hypothesis - Random Sample - Random Assignment - Operational Definitions - Independent Variable - Dependent Variable - Inferential Statistics

= = Most important things to remember about conducting a Psychological experiment using the Scientific Method: = = Develop a Hypothesis = = ONLY change ONE Variable in an experiment (Independent Variable) = = Random selection of all participants AND random selection of control group (they are not exposed to IV) and experimental group (they ARE exposed to IV) = = Think about confounding variables and try to get rid of them to make sure your experiment results are valid = = Learn affect of IV by measuring Dependent Variable for all participants = = Use statistics and repeat experiments to make sure that you get the same results and that the DV is a result of the IV. = = Review Crash Course Research Methods = = **Note: You will also need to be aware of the different types of psychologists. Here's a [|link to a brief summary of the most common psychology careers]** = = = = One survey found that 77% were interested in plants and tress but only 39% were interested in botany. A total ove 48%were interested in fossils but only 39% were interested in paleontology.
 * Final Review/Discussion of test format **
 * Optional Extra review material:**
 * Wording Effects:**

Studies have shown that when interviewed by Whites, 61% of respondents agreed, "The problems faced by Blacks were brought on by Blacks themselves." When interviewed by Blacks, only 46% agreed
 * Interviewer effect:**

When interviewed by a man, 64% of women agreed, "abortion is a private matter that should be left to the woman to decide without government interference." When interviewed by a woman, 84% of women respondents agreed. = = **1. All of the terms for Research Methods:** = = Take note of the key terms for Research Methods = = media type="custom" key="26021652" = = = = media type="youtube" key="fCFoauFu6Lw" width="560" height="315" = =
 * Advantages and Disadvantages of Research Methods:**

= = = = media type="youtube" key="D3Em-dka2Vc" width="560" height="315" = =
 * Random Sample vs. Random Assignment:**

= =

= = Independent vs. Dependent Variables = = media type="custom" key="23633292" = =

= Day 5: **Test!**=

= Day 6 and 7: =
 * Mini Unit on History and Approaches: **


 * Questions for the day:**
 * 1. What are the origins of the study of Psychology?**
 * 2. What different perspectives do psychologists use to understand human thought and behavior? Why would there be different perspectives?**
 * 3. Who are some of the most influential psychologists? What have they accomplished?**


 * What different perspectives do psychologists use to understand human thought and behavior? Why would there be different perspectives? To what extent do certain perspectives help to explain some problems better than others? **

**[|History of Psychology Presentation]**

Review Presentation: media type="youtube" key="_w8xdrmQYiw" width="560" height="315"

AND media type="youtube" key="0ZmqtOr8PNU" width="560" height="315"


 * Resources to help you besides your textbook:** Go through the following videos about the history of psychology and read the History and Perspectives section of your book (pp19-33)

Crash Course Intro to the history of psych: media type="youtube" key="vo4pMVb0R6M" width="560" height="315"

**Optional:** Another Video Review of different perspectives:

media type="youtube" key="nj-kwOvrcYw" width="420" height="315"


 * The following video is about famous psychologists **

[|You can use this list as a summary of 10 influential Psychologists] [|Another list]

media type="youtube" key="2PwU4FBWcgg" width="560" height="315"


 * [|Overview of the History of Psychology and the Perspectives you need to know]**

**Optional: Review the perspectives: 7 [|Perspectives of Psychology Prezi]** if necessary

Discuss

=**Homework: Read pp1-17 in your textbook**=

Review the Intro [|Presentation] on The Story of Psychology and record the following terms in your notes take the following [|practice AP multiple choice test].
 * Optional Review if you have time:**

Psychology Empiricism Introspection Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt

Wilhelm Wundt William James B.F. Skinner Titchener John B. Watson Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Charles Darwin Mary Whiton Calkins Margaret Floy Washburn G. Stanley Hall Max Wertheimer Sigmund Freud Jean Piaget
 * Key People: **

Nature v Nurture Rationality v Irrationality Stability v Change
 * 3 Big Issues- **

Basic Research Applied Research Clinical Psychologist Psychiatrist

Behavioral Cognitive Perspective Biopsychology: Biological/Neuroscience/Behavior Genetics Humanistic Perspective Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective Evolutionary Perspective Social-cultural Perspective
 * Perspectives: **

= =